The
autonomous kingdom of Hyderabad / Asif Jahi dynasty was founded in 1724 by a powerful
noble at the imperial court, Chin Qulich Khan,
who eventually took the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf ]ah I .
"That time the Mughal Emperor was Muhammad Shah Rangila"
They were from the region around
Samarkand in modern
day Uzbekistan (Central Asia).
Khaja
Abid, grandfather of the first Nizam, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf ]ah
I
In
1655 Khaja Abid visited India for the
first time while on his way to "Mecca" and presented himself at the imperial court of the Mughals. He made a favourable impression on the Mughal emperor and was soon granted many favours and given a robe of honour. He was also offered a position in the emperor’s service,
which he agreed to take on
after his return from Mecca. Thus
began the association between the Nizams and Delhi
[ In 1657, Khaja Abid returned from his pilgrimage and decided to throw in his lot with Aurangzeb. At the time, the Aurangzeb was in the Deccan preparing for the war of ]
succession against his brothers.
After successfully defeating his brother to claim the throne, Aurangzeb made Khaja Abid the governor
of Ajmer and subsequently of Multan with the title
Qalich Khan.
Qalich Khan later died while leading the imperial army against the Qutub Shahi king during
the siege of Golconda in 1687.
After Qalich Khan’s death in 1687, his grandson
Qamaruddin caught
Aurangzeb’s eye when he displayed considerable skill as a warrior.
Aurangzeb gave him the title Chin Qalich
Khan (Boy Swordsman)
at the tender age of 19.
Farukh Siyar, Mughal emperor
and Aurangzeb’s grandson, gave Qamaruddin the higher title of Nizam-ul-Mulk Fateh Jung in 1713 and appointed him subedar of six
provinces and Faujdar of Karnatak.
Qamaruddin proved himself to
be an excellent administrator. However,
the Sayyid brothers,
two powerful generals,
conspired to stop him from governing the Deccan.
He was Known as the leader of the Turani party,
he felt frustrated in court
politics due to the haughty assertion of power by the Indian Muslim faction
(Hindustani Faction) led by
the Sayyid brothers, who had emperor Farruksiyar killed and Muhammad Shah installed on the throne as a puppet ruler in 1719.
Nizam-ul-Mulk organised the Turani and Irani noblemen
against the Sayyids
and ultimately defeated
and killed them in 1720.
Muhammad Shah was restored to the throne and Nizam-ul-Mulk acted as his wazir from 1722 to 1724.
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf ]ah I / Chin Qulich
Khan / Qamaruddin (1724- 1748)
He soon get disgusted with the wazir
post as Emperor Muhammad
Shah and his close associates
frustrated all his attempts at reforming the administration. So, he decided to go back to Deccan where he
could maintain his supremacy
Here he led the foundation
of Hyderabad state and Asaf Jahi Dynasty
in 1724 which he ruled with a strong hand.
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In Hyderabad, Mubariz
Khan, the Mughal governor of Deccan, was ruling
almost as an independent king. In 1724 the nizam defeated Mubariz
in battle of Shakar Kheda in Berar, 80 miles from Aurangabad and took over as the Subahdar of Deccan and
As the Viceroy of the Deccan, the Nizam was the head of the executive and judicial departments and the source of all civil and military authority of the Mughal empire in the Deccan.
All officials were appointed
by him directly or in his name. He drafted
his own laws, raised his own armies,
flew his own flag and formed his own government.
The Nizam did not wage too many battles after becoming Hyderabad’s ruler, he did clash with the Marathas
in 1727 over his refusal
to pay two kinds of levy –
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. In 1728 The Battle
of Palkhed took place
Battle of Palkhed.
Took place near the city of Aurangabad, Maharashtra,
India between the Maratha Empire Peshwa, Baji Rao I and the Nizam-ul-Mulk,
Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad
wherein, the Marathas
defeated the Nizam.
Treaty Concluded
1.Chhatrapati Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler.
2.Marathas were given the right
to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan.
Nizam convinced Nadir Shah to go back
The Nizam was also a statesman of repute and his support of the Mughal Empire remained
unwavered. A prime example of this came in 1739 when Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, who was so powerful he was known
as Second Alexander or Napoleon of Persia, invaded
the Mughal empire.
Battle of Karnal took place, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah defeated
Nadir Shah, moved to Delhi, Plundered Delhi (Kohinoor, Peacock throne etc) and killed as many as 20000 to 30000 people
Source of Income
He divided his kingdom into three parts – one part became
his own private estate known as the Sarf-i-Khas; another
was allotted for the expenses of the government and
was known as the Diwan’s territory; and the remainder was distributed amongst Muslim nobles
(jagirdars, zamindars and deshmukhs), who in return paid nazars (gifts) to the
Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under them.
The Nizam had other sources of revenue as well,
which included the share of gold unearthed in his dominions, diamonds and gems from the Golconda mines and the income from his vast personal estates.
After a reign of 24 years, the Nizam passed away at the age of 76 in 1748.
His grave is at the mazaar of Shaikh Burhan-ud-din Gharib
Chisti, Khuldabad, near Aurangabad, where Aurangzeb was also buried.
After the death of Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf jah I
With the Nizam’s
death, the Deccan became the centre of a power
struggle between the British, French, Marathas and the Nizam’s own sons and grandsons.
"Nasir Jung(1748-50),
Muzaffar Jung(1750-51) and Salabat Jung(1751-62) all held the Subhedari of the Deccan at one time or the other for a period of over 14 years."
They were confirmed as the Subhedars by the Mughal emperor but for unknown reasons, were never given the title of Asaf Jah or Nizam and therefore, they are not referred to as Nizams.
Nizam Ali Khan Asaf jah || (1762-1803)
In 1762, the Nizam’s
fourth son, Mir Ali Khan, was recognized
at
the second Nizam.
In 1763, Nizam Ali Khan shifted the state capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad, restoring the latter to its original
glory.
A French general,
Monsieur Raymond, served
as his military leader, strategist and advisor.
Battle of Rakshasbhuvan & Battle of Kharda
After the defeat of the
Marathas at the Battle of Panipat, their rivals started seizing the opportunity to recover their losses in the past at the hands
of Marathas. Particularly, the Nizam
of Hyderabad wanted to recover
territory he had lost
In 1763, Madhavrao
I along with Rughunathrao defeated
Nizam at Battle
of Rakshasbhuvan
In 1795, he was defeated by Sawai Madhavrao
II Peshwa and Nana Phadnavis at the Battle of Kharda and
was forced to cede Daulatabad, Aurangabad and Sholapur and pay an indemnity of Rs. 30 million.
First state to sign Subsidiary Alliance
with Britishers
In 1790, the Nizam had allied with the Marathas
and the East India Company
to fight Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore in a
Triple Alliance as part of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Tipu was defeated in this war.
Ali Khan had a French General in his command
named Monsieur
Raymond who provided training
to the Nizam’s troops.
The English were wary of the French
influence on the Nizam. (Both the English
and the French at this point were interfering in local politics
to oust one another from the subcontinent and secure their own commercial
interests).
The British resident at
Hyderabad, Captain Achilles Kirkpatrick exerted his pressure
on Nizam and convinced him to enter
into a subsidiary alliance
with the Company
in return for military aid.
On 1 September 1798, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II) entered into a subsidiary alliance with the English East India Company.
Thus making Hyderabad
the first princely
state of India to officially
become a British protectorate.
Note: L. Wellesley, The Governor General of India from
1798 to 1805, framed Subsidiary
Alliance policy. It was actually used for the first time by the French Governor-General Marquis
Dupleix.
Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar
Jah Asaf Jah III (1803–29)
The third Nizam
He is credited with ushering in a new era of progress for Hyderabad. In 1806, a large area
north of the city was named Secunderabad after Sikandar Jah – it was essentially founded to station 5,000 troops of the British garrison.
Nizams of Hyderabad/ Rulers of Asaf Jahi Dynasty
Nizam-ul- Mulk Asaf Jah
I (1724–48) Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II (1762–1803)
Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah Asaf Jah III (1803–29)
Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Nasirud-Daula Asaf Jah IV (1829–57) Mir Tahniyat Khan Afzal-ud-Daula Asaf Jah V (1857–69)
Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur Asaf Jah VI (1869–1911) Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur Asaf Jah VII (1911–67)
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur Asaf Jah VII (1911–67)
The seventh
Nizam
Hyderabad princely state’s area was more than 80,000 square miles and population more than 16 million
Three linguistic zones: Telugu, Kannada and Marathi.
The Nizam
wanted Independence of Hyderabad after 15th August.
On 13 September 1948 a contingent of Indian troops was sent into Hyderabad (Operation Polo). In less than four days they had full control of
the state. Those killed in the fighting included forty-two Indian soldiers and two thousand-odd Razakars.
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